Dental anatomy pictures pdf free download

Tooth Carving Demonstration. Multiple Choice Questions with Answers for Self-assessment. We do not own the copyrights of this book. We are Sharing copy of this book available on internet with our reader's for education purpose only.

Comprehensive, yet simple-to-understand book of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusion. Point-wise and systematic morphology of deciduous and permanent teeth. The title is exactly what you would expect. Depicted is the relationships of the 32 teeth of the human mouth and the internal organs they affect, Loaded with meticulously detailed, beautifully illustrated structures of the human dental anatomy, clearly and concisely labeled for easy identification.

Illustrations by award-winning and best-selling medical illustrator Vincent Perez, whose life This Dental Poster shows longitudinal section of a normal tooth. Illustrates periodontal disease, three stages of dental caries, abscess formation, problems with the temporomandibular joint, glandular problems and impaction.

Also shows 12 dental Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint along with the muscular attachments of the jaw and temple. If the contour is excessive, the flow of food material will be deflected away from the gingiva, and inadequate stimulation of these tissues may result in their breakdown.

On the other hand, when an insufficient contour does not provide adequate protection, the overstirnulation or insult to the gingival tissues may also result in their deterioration. Once again, the - implications to the dentist of restoring correct contours should be obvious.

Some general rules concerning the location of heights of contour on the facial and lingual surfaces of the teeth are as follows: 1. Facial surfaces - The height of contour on the facial surfaces of all anterior and posterior teeth is located in the cervical third. Lingual surfaces: a. Anterior teeth - On the lingual surface of incisors and canines, the height of contour is found in the cervical third. Posterior teeth - The lingual height of contour for premolars and molars is located in the middle or occlusal third.

Cervical Line Curvatures: A. Introduction and comparison of terms:. In the preceding unit, the cervical line, or cemento-enamel junction, was defined as the line around the tooth where the enamel and the cementum meet.

It is a stable entity, in contrast to the gingival line, which may be ever changing. The gingival line, also called the gingival margin or gingival crest, is the imaginary line which marks the level of termination of the nonattached soft tissue surrounding the tooth. The gingival line level is variable, and usually is above the cervical line early in life, often receding to a lower level as the individual becomes older.

The gingival line separates the clinical crown and root, whereas the cervical line separates the anatomical crown and root. The gingival line is always observable clinically, while the cervical line is observ- able only when not covered by soft tissue, which is in a limited number of teeth. The epithelial attachment is the actual attachment of the soft tissue of the mouth to the tooth. The epithelial attachment can be distinguished from the previously described periodontal ligament even though both structures are com- ponents of the tooth's attachment apparatus.

The epithelial attachment serves as the connection for the soft gingival tissue and is limited in comparative area but not importance , while the periodontal ligament provides the attachment of the hard tissue bone to the tooth's root structure, and is much more extensive in area.

Since there is usually a sulcus between the gingival margin and the epithelial attachment, these two entities are not normally located at the same level on the tooth. However, like the gingival margin, the epithelial attachment may be variable in its location, and has a tendency to migrate apically during a person's lifetime, especially in the presence of periodontal disease.

The epithe- lial attachment is normally found close to the level of the CEJ. However, as has been pointed out, the epithelial attachment has a tendency to move apically, so that it is possible for it to be located on the enamel of the cervical third of the crown in young persons, but on the cementum of the root in older individuals.

On any individual tooth, the amount depth of curvature of the cenical line seems to be related to the widths and lengths of the crown, as well as the location of the contact areas proximally. Some general rules concerning cervical line contours in normal dentitions are as follows: 1. The cervical line is normally curved convex or bulges toward the apical on the facial and lingual surfaces of teeth. The cervical line is normally curved convex toward the incisal occlusal on the mesial and distal surfaces of teeth.

The amount depth of cervical line curvature on any individual tooth is normally greater on the mesial, as compared to the distal surface. Cervical lines on adjacent proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth have ap- proximately the same depth of curvature. The depth of the curvature on all surfaces is greatest on central incisors, hwL' and decreases posteriorly. Continuity of Marginal Ridges: A.

In the preceding unit, the term, marginal ridge, was defined. It was pointed out that marginal ridges are the mesial and distal terminations of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth, and the lingual surfaces of anterior teeth. Furthermore, it was noted that they are normally bulkier on posterior teeth. The importance of marginal ridges to the form and function theme of this unit relates partially to their height.

The height of the marginal ridges of adjacent teeth in the same arch should be at the same level. In the mouth, this is normally true, unless the teeth are malposed, or one or more missing teeth in the dentition has allowed tipping, supraeruption, or rotation of any of the remaining teeth.

In conjunction with their heights, adjacent marginal ridges are normally shaped so that they create a small occlusal embrasure for posterior teeth or lingual embra- sure for anterior teeth.

The heights and shapes of the adjacent marginal ridges directly affect the embrasure form. Since the purposes of proper embrasure form have al- ready been discussed, it should be sufficient to remind the reader of the dentist's responsibility to symmetrical embrasure form by establishing marginal ridges on adjacent teeth which are similar in height and shape.

Continuity of Central Grooves of Posterior Teeth: The central developmental grooves of posterior teeth are normally aligned into one, more or less continuous valley in each quadrant. This allows for a trough antero-posteriorly through the centers of the occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth, which results in a more efficient food flow pattern during mastication. Occlusal Anatomy: Another feature of posterior teeth is the groove and ridge pattern on the masticating surface, or in other words, the occlusal anatomy.

Since a future occlusion course will describe how occlusal anatomy is related to function, only a general statement will be made: In any dental restorative procedure, the occlusal anatomy of a tooth should normally be reproduced to preexisting form, location, and relative height or depth.

Root Shape and Number of Branches: A. The shape, length, and number of root branches are also intimately related to a tooth's form and function. The canine, by virtue of its location in the arch, and its evolutionary function as the fang of carnivores, has the longest and strongest root in both arches. The molars are multirooted to complement the increased size of the occlusal table, as they function in grinding. And so it is with all tooth roots; their form is directly related to crown form, placement in the arch, and function.

Some general rules regarding tooth roots and branches are as follows: 1. Roots are normally widest toward the cervical area and taper toward the apex. Anterior teeth and premolars normally have single roots. An exception is the maxillary first premolar, which normally exhibits two root branches, a buc- cal and a lingual.

Maxillary molars normally possess three roots, one lingual and two buccal branches. Conclusion: A. At this point, the reader should be cognizant of two points which have been emphasized throughout this unit: 1. Tooth form and function are directly related. The potential for the breakdown of the periodontium is directly related to form and function, and the dentist is under an obligation to understand and apply the principles of form and function in all dental procedures.

With the first two units as background, the student should now be prepared to stud! During study of the remaining text, the student should make use of the principles of this unit in understanding why certain structures take certain forms, and why they are located where they are. There are several suggestions that may be of value during the study of these units: 1. In the first two units, a number of general rules were presented.

Remember that these are only "general" rules, and they will occasionally reflect exceptions and discrepancies as the permanent teeth are studied in detail. Always keep in mind that the text's description of an individual tooth is really a composite or "average" representation, and that natural teeth may vary widely in their morphology and anatomy. Therefore, it is not realistic to expect every tooth in the mouth to appear as a carbon copy of its counterpart in the text. One point in the preface is worth reemphasizing, and that is the use of the diagrams and models in conjunction with the written descriptions.

For the sake of brevity, usually only the first tooth of a series is described in complete detail. Thereafter, similarities in any of the succeeding teeth are usu- ally omitted and only differences are described. Therefore, any apparent omis- sions should be regarded as similarities to the initial tooth in the series. For example, in Unit 3, the central incisors are described in great detail, but the sections covering the lateral incisors are much briefer. During the description of tooth surfaces, the terms "margin" and "outline" are synonymous.

For example: "The mesial marginloutline of the buccal sur- face is. The terms "height of contour" and "crest of curvature" are also synony- mous. Keep in mind, however, that the height of contour or crest of curvature ' may be differently located for the surface as a whole, than it is for a margin or outline of that surface. For example: The height of contour of the facial surface of a certain tooth will be located in the cervical third, whereas the height of contour for the distal outline of the facial surface might be located in the oc- clusal third.

In these units, there is a section entitled "variations and anomalies" associ- ated with each permanent tooth. In reality, anomalies are abnormalities, or a departure from regular conditions, whereas extremes in morphology which fit into a range of variation in size and shape, etc. However, both true anomalies and extremes in the range of variations will be considered in these sections. To place the content of these units into proper perspective, just look into the future when you will be performing dental procedures in a patient's mouth, and attempt to visualize the effect on these procedures of being able to recog- nize both the normal and abnormal morphology of individual teeth.

UNIT 3 I. Specific Obiectives: At the completion of this unit, the student will be able to: A. List the appropriate age s concerning developmental chronology of the perma- nent incisors found in the development tables, or select the appropriate age s from a list, when given a certain developmental feature.

The student should also be able to compare these ages among the permanent incisors. Demonstrate a knowledge of the morphology of each surface of the crown, as well as the root, of each permanent incisor by: 1. Contours of any surface or margin of any surface. Structural entities such as mamelons, grooves, pits, ridges, fossae, lobes, cingula, etc. Height of contour and contact areas. Relative dimensions and shapes.

Any other surface feature. Furthermore, the student will be able to make comparisons of any of the above features between permanent incisors. Make comparisons among the general characteristics of the permanent inci- sors, including function, arch position, distinguishing features, etc.

Determine from a diagram or description whether a given permanent incisor is maxillary or mandibular, right or left, or central or lateral. Determine the correct universal number or Palmer notation for a given diagram or description of any permanent incisor. Demonstrate a knowledge of any of the new terms in this unit by defining them, or selecting the correct definition, or application thereof, from a list, when given the term or any of its applications.

Demonstrate a knowledge of any of the variations or anomalies in this unit by describing them, or selecting the correct response from a list, when given the par- ticular tooth teeth. The permanent incisors are the first and second teeth from the midline, which, along with the canines, comprise the anterior teeth of each quadrant.

The incisor closest to the midline is termed the central incisor, while the second tooth from the midline is the lateral incisor. This positions the lateral incisor distal to the central incisor and mesial to the canine. The central and lateral incisors of the same arch resemble each other more closely than they resemble any incisor of the opposing arch. In size, the maxillary incisor crowns are generally larger than those of the mandibular incisors.

In the maxillary arch, the central incisor crown is normally larger than the crown of the lateral incisor. However, in the mandibular arch, the lateral incisor crown and root are generally larger than those of the central incisor, although only very slightly. The incisors as a group participate in all three of the major functions of the human dentition and have a greater role in esthetics and phonetics than any other group of teeth.

Mastication - They function by biting, cutting, incising and shearing, thus breaking the food particles into smaller pieces suitable for grinding. Esthetics - Not only do the size, shape, color, and manner of placement of incisors directly contribute to a person's appearance, but they provide the sup- port necessary for the normal profile of the lips and face. Phonetics - They are necessary for the execution of certain sounds. Four features which aid in differentiating the crowns of incisors from the crowns of other permanent teeth, include: 1.

Incisal Edge - This flattened edge, or surface, differs greatly from the single cusp of canines, and the multi-cusped occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. Mamelons - As previously described, marnelons are rounded extensions of enamel on the incisal ridge of recently erupted incisors, and most often are three in number. Mamelons are, however, irregular in number, shape, and promi- nence.

Normally, mamelons wear away soon after the incisors come into active occlusion. However, they are occasionally seen in adult mouths, when the inci- sors have not been in functional occlusion. Position and angulation of marginal ridges - The location and angulation of the marginal ridges of incisors and canines contrast markedly with the same features of the marginal ridges of posterior teeth.

On incisors, the marginal ridges are the mesial and distal terminations of the lingual surface, and are more or less parallel to the tooth's long axis, while on posterior teeth they are found on the occlusal surface, and are roughly at right angles to the long axis of the tooth. Lingual fossa and cingulum - The crowns of the incisors exhibit a concavity which covers roughly the incisal half of the lingual surface.

Canines normally have a lingual ridge which creates two fossae on the lingual surface, and poste- rior teeth display two or more fossae on their occlusal surfaces. The remainder of the lingual surface is occupied by a general convexity which has been previ- ously defined as a cingulum.

Canines normally exhibit a cingulum which is more prominent than that of incisors, but posterior teeth have no comparable structure. The Permanent Maxillary Incisors: A.

Introduction: When compared to the mandibular incisors, those in the maxillary arch have crowns which are generally larger in all dimensions, but especially meslodistally.

The crown area of the maxillary central incisor is normally much greater than that of the max- illary lateral incisor. The lateral incisor crown is similar in form to the crown of the central incisor, only on a smaller size scale in all dimensions. Permanent Maxillary Central Incisor: 1. General characteristics: a. Arch position - The maxillary central incisors are the two teeth which are adjacent to the midline in the upper arch.

They share a mesial contact area with each other, and have a distal contact with the lateral incisors. Universal number: Maxillary right central incisor - 8 Maxillary left central incisor - 9 c General form and function - As viewed from the labial or lingual as- pects, the crown is trapezoidal in shape, and the widest mesiodistally of any anterior tooth.

As viewed from either proximal aspect, the crown is triangular in shape. The general crown size exceeds that of any other inci- sor in either arch. The central incisors' functions in mastication are biting, cutting, incising and shearing.

They also play an important role in the esthetics and phonet- ics functions of the human teeth. Labial aspect of the crown : a. General considerations - The basic geometric shape of the labial sur- face is trapezoidal, with the longer parallel side at the incisal, and the shorter side at the cervical. Although the crown is longer incisocervically than it is wide mesiodistally , these two dimensions are more nearly equal than for any other permanent incisor.

In the maxillary lateral, and even more so in the mandibular incisors, the crown is considerably longer than it is wide. The convexity is normally greatest in the cervical third, and tends to more closely approach flatness toward the incisal third. The mesioincisal angle IS rather sharp. Saunders Company, Distal outline - This outline is also convex, but more rounded than on the mesial, as is the distoincisal angle. The crest of curvature is associated with the contact area, which is located in the incisal third very near the junction of the incisal and middle thirds, and so is farther cervically than it is on the mesial.

Although the cervical half of the mesial and distal outlines D M is normally convex, either outline can be nearly straight, in comparison to the almost always convex incisal half. Incisal outline - The incisal outline may exhibit mamelons. Without mamelons, the outline is generally straight, and nearly perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth.

The crown is narrower mesiodistally at the cervical margin than at the incisal. Other considerations: Developmental depressions - Two straight, shallow depressions, which. They are termed, mesiolabial and distolabial developmental depres- sions, and as has already been pointed out, they represent the division of the three labial lobes.

Imbrication lines - Faint, curved lines which roughly parallel the CEJ in the cervical third of the surface. They are not always present. Height of contour - The height of contour of the labial surface is located in the cervical third. Lingual aspect: a. General considerations - The lingual surface is also roughly trapezoi- dal. It is slightly narrower mesiodistally than is the labial, slnce both me- sial and distal surfaces converge slightly toward the lingual, a feature which is also true of all other anterior teeth.

It has both convexities and a concav- ity. Incisal margln - The incisal margin is also similar to that of the labial aspect. Cervical margin - The cervical outline has a slightly greater depth of curvature apically than on the labial surface, and is asymmetrical, with its area of maxlmum curvature offset to the distal. Other considerations: Lingual fossa - The lingual fossa is the shallow concavity found in the incisal half to two-thirds of the crown, which includes the largest area of the lingual surface.

The fossa is most often smooth. However, there are occasionally rather poorly defined ridges which extend into the cervical portion of the lingual fossa from the cingulum. When present, these ridges may form a "W" shaped pattern. Cingulum - The cingulum is the bulky convexity located in the cervical portion of the lingual surface. It is generally smooth. Sometimes there is a groove, the linguogingival groove, which separates the cingulum and the lingual fossa. On occasion, there may also be a lingual pit located be- tween the cingulum and fossa.

The pit may be found near the center of the linguogingival groove, if that structure is present. The linguogingival groove and lingual pit are much more commonly found on maxillary later- als than on maxillary centrals. However, neither structure is a usual finding on the crown of any permanent incisor. Marginal - ridges - The marginal ridges mark the mesial and distal borders of the lingual fossa, as well as the lingual surface.

They are linear, and extend from their respective incisal angles to the cingulum. They are named, by location, mesial and distal marginal ridges. Height of contour - The lingual crest of curvature is located in the cervical third, at the greatest convexity of the cingulum. Mesial aspect: a. General considerations - From this aspect, the central incisor crown is roughly triangular in shape, and the incisal edge, at the apex of the tri- angle, lies over the long axis of the tooth. The mesial surface is generally convex in both dimensions, incisocervically and labiolingually.

Labial outline - The labial outline is convex, with the height of contour and the greatest convexity located in the gingival third. Some specimens may exhibit a flat outline incisal to the crest of curvature. Lingual outline - The lingual margin is somewhat concave in the incisal portion, and convex in the gingival portion, due to the respective contours of the lingual fossa and cingulum.

The entire outline may be described as a shallow "S". The crest of curvature of the lingual outline is found in the cervical third at the prominence of the cingulum. Cervical margin - The CEJ curves evenly toward the incisal. It exhibits the greatest depth of curvature of any tooth surface in the mouth. Incisal outline - It is usually pointed. In teeth with incisal wear.

The incisal ridge is the projection of enamel on newly erupted teeth, which is the incisal termination of the tooth. In a proximal view, it is normally pointed, or slightly rounded. After the tooth enters into occlu- sion, this ridge is blunted and flattened, resulting in a sloping, straight out- line from the proximal aspect. This flattened area is termed the incisal edye. Other considerations: Height of contour - The mesial height of contour is located in the incisal third at the contact area.

Show more. Show less. About the Authors. The present edition of textbook is written according to the modern day need based teaching. The textbook presents with six sections.